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Research Article


Enhancing rainbow trout resilience: Oral monovalent vaccine with palm oil adjuvant reduces the pathogenicity of Aeromonas salmonicida

Asma Sharif, Farzana Abbas, Muhammad Hafeez-ur-rehman, Naveed-ul-haque, Imran Altaf.


Abstract
Background:
Vaccination plays a vital role in preventing bacterial infections in aquaculture.

Aim:
This study aimed to develop and evaluate a feed-based monovalent vaccine to protect rainbow trout against Aeromonas salmonicida.

Method:
The vaccine was created using a naturally occurring strain of A. salmonicida isolated from rainbow trout. Formalin-killed bacteria were either sprayed onto or incorporated into commercial feed with palm oil and aloe vera oil added as adjuvants at 10%. The experimental diets were tested for stability, palatability, and safety before the trial. Rainbow trout (average weight: 100 ± 5.0 g) were divided into seven groups, including controls with three replicates of each treatment. Groups received either sprayed or incorporated vaccinated feed, with or without adjuvants for two months at 5% of their body weight. Immune responses were assessed through serum lysozyme activity, agglutination antibody titers, and immunoglobulin M (IgM) levels.

Results:
The group receiving incorporated feed with palm oil (IVFP) showed the highest immune response and growth performance. After 14 days, fish were challenged with a virulent A. salmonicida strain (6.3×10⁹ CFU/fish). Survival rates were 69% for fish immunized with bacterin alone and 85–90% for those with adjuvants. Histological analysis revealed minimal kidney and liver damage in vaccinated groups compared to controls.

Conclusion:
These findings highlight the potential of oral vaccines to reduce A. salmonicida pathogenicity in rainbow trout offering a promising solution for sustainable aquaculture.

Key words: Aeromonas salmonicida; Agglutination antibody titer test; Feed based monovalent vaccine; Lysozyme activity; Rainbow trout.


 
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How to Cite this Article
Pubmed Style

Sharif A, Abbas F, Hafeez-ur-rehman M, Naveed-ul-haque , Altaf I. Enhancing rainbow trout resilience: Oral monovalent vaccine with palm oil adjuvant reduces the pathogenicity of Aeromonas salmonicida. Open Vet. J.. 2026; 16(6): 3546-3560. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i6.24

Web Style

Sharif A, Abbas F, Hafeez-ur-rehman M, Naveed-ul-haque , Altaf I. Enhancing rainbow trout resilience: Oral monovalent vaccine with palm oil adjuvant reduces the pathogenicity of Aeromonas salmonicida. https://www.openveterinaryjournal.com/?mno=305715 [Access: June 09, 2026]. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i6.24

AMA (American Medical Association) Style

Sharif A, Abbas F, Hafeez-ur-rehman M, Naveed-ul-haque , Altaf I. Enhancing rainbow trout resilience: Oral monovalent vaccine with palm oil adjuvant reduces the pathogenicity of Aeromonas salmonicida. Open Vet. J.. 2026; 16(6): 3546-3560. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i6.24


Vancouver/ICMJE Style

Sharif A, Abbas F, Hafeez-ur-rehman M, Naveed-ul-haque , Altaf I. Enhancing rainbow trout resilience: Oral monovalent vaccine with palm oil adjuvant reduces the pathogenicity of Aeromonas salmonicida. Open Vet. J.. (2026), [cited June 09, 2026]; 16(6): 3546-3560. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i6.24


Harvard Style

Sharif, A., Abbas, . F., Hafeez-ur-rehman, . M., Naveed-ul-haque, . & Altaf, . I. (2026) Enhancing rainbow trout resilience: Oral monovalent vaccine with palm oil adjuvant reduces the pathogenicity of Aeromonas salmonicida. Open Vet. J., 16 (6), 3546-3560. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i6.24


Turabian Style

Sharif, Asma, Farzana Abbas, Muhammad Hafeez-ur-rehman, Naveed-ul-haque, and Imran Altaf. 2026. Enhancing rainbow trout resilience: Oral monovalent vaccine with palm oil adjuvant reduces the pathogenicity of Aeromonas salmonicida. Open Veterinary Journal, 16 (6), 3546-3560. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i6.24


Chicago Style

Sharif, Asma, Farzana Abbas, Muhammad Hafeez-ur-rehman, Naveed-ul-haque, and Imran Altaf. "Enhancing rainbow trout resilience: Oral monovalent vaccine with palm oil adjuvant reduces the pathogenicity of Aeromonas salmonicida." Open Veterinary Journal 16 (2026), 3546-3560. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i6.24


MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style

Sharif, Asma, Farzana Abbas, Muhammad Hafeez-ur-rehman, Naveed-ul-haque, and Imran Altaf. "Enhancing rainbow trout resilience: Oral monovalent vaccine with palm oil adjuvant reduces the pathogenicity of Aeromonas salmonicida." Open Veterinary Journal 16.6 (2026), 3546-3560. Print. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i6.24


APA (American Psychological Association) Style

Sharif, A., Abbas, . F., Hafeez-ur-rehman, . M., Naveed-ul-haque, . & Altaf, . I. (2026) Enhancing rainbow trout resilience: Oral monovalent vaccine with palm oil adjuvant reduces the pathogenicity of Aeromonas salmonicida. Open Veterinary Journal, 16 (6), 3546-3560. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i6.24


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