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2025, Vol: 15, Issue: 2
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Research Article


Exploring the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein destabilizer toxin from the scorpion, spider, and wasp group of toxins as a promising candidate for the identification of pharmacophores against viral infections

Mousa O. Germoush, Maged Fouda, Mohammad J. S. Mantargi, Moustafa Sarhan, Barakat M. Alrashdi, Diaa Massoud, Ahmed E. Altyar, Mohamed M. Abdel-daim.


Abstract
Background:
The SARS-CoV-2 virus is the infectious agent that causes coronavirus illness (COVID-19). The majority of virus-infected individuals will recover without the need for special care after experiencing mild to moderate respiratory symptoms. Some people, nevertheless, will get quite sick and need medical help. The choice of COVID-19 treatment should be made individually. The severity of the illness and the chance that it will worsen will determine the decision. Therefore, developing more potent medications is always a primary goal. Finding more effective drugs is a top priority. In this regard, natural animal toxins, such as toxin derived from scorpions, spiders, and wasps, have been found to include compounds that have significant therapeutic properties. Specifically, targeting the spike protein which acts as a gateway for the vires to enter the human or animal cells.

Aim:
This study focuses on the ability of toxins to destabilize the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 virus, which is responsible for SARS-COV-2 pandemic.

Methods:
The active protein structure of the SARS-CoV-2, the toxins chosen obtained from the protein data bank RCSB-PDB, and the molecular structures of toxins that were not proteins were either obtained from PubChem or downloaded as computer structure models (CSM) from RCSB-PDB. Utilizing molecular docking software like ‘PyRx’, analyzers like ‘BIOVIA-Discovery studios’ and ‘Pymol’ and various techniques, the evaluation of the interactions between the spike protein and toxin was performed, to find possible pharmacophores that might serve as a foundation for upcoming medication development. The protein-ligand complex was put to test through the MD simulation via VMD/NAMD application to determine the complex stability.

Results:
Current research findings reveal intriguing binding affinities and interaction patterns between the toxin and the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, where the complex was identified to be stable throughout the study resembling the cellular conditions via MD simulations. We discuss the implications of these interactions and how they might interfere viral infection and entry.

Conclusion:
Current study sheds light on a promising avenue for the development of antiviral therapies, leveraging natural venoms as a source of inspiration for pharmacophore-based drug discovery opposing viral infections.

Key words: SARS-CoV-2, Scorpions toxins, Spider toxins, Wasps toxins, Spike protein, Molecular docking, Pharmacophore


 
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How to Cite this Article
Pubmed Style

Germoush MO, Fouda M, Mantargi MJS, Sarhan M, Alrashdi BM, Massoud D, Altyar AE, Abdel-daim MM. Exploring the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein destabilizer toxin from the scorpion, spider, and wasp group of toxins as a promising candidate for the identification of pharmacophores against viral infections. Open Vet J. 2025; 15(1): 69-84. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i1.6

Web Style

Germoush MO, Fouda M, Mantargi MJS, Sarhan M, Alrashdi BM, Massoud D, Altyar AE, Abdel-daim MM. Exploring the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein destabilizer toxin from the scorpion, spider, and wasp group of toxins as a promising candidate for the identification of pharmacophores against viral infections. https://www.openveterinaryjournal.com/?mno=225177 [Access: March 12, 2025]. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i1.6

AMA (American Medical Association) Style

Germoush MO, Fouda M, Mantargi MJS, Sarhan M, Alrashdi BM, Massoud D, Altyar AE, Abdel-daim MM. Exploring the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein destabilizer toxin from the scorpion, spider, and wasp group of toxins as a promising candidate for the identification of pharmacophores against viral infections. Open Vet J. 2025; 15(1): 69-84. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i1.6


Vancouver/ICMJE Style

Germoush MO, Fouda M, Mantargi MJS, Sarhan M, Alrashdi BM, Massoud D, Altyar AE, Abdel-daim MM. Exploring the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein destabilizer toxin from the scorpion, spider, and wasp group of toxins as a promising candidate for the identification of pharmacophores against viral infections. Open Vet J. (2025), [cited March 12, 2025]; 15(1): 69-84. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i1.6


Harvard Style

Germoush, M. O., Fouda, . M., Mantargi, . M. J. S., Sarhan, . M., Alrashdi, . B. M., Massoud, . D., Altyar, . A. E. & Abdel-daim, . M. M. (2025) Exploring the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein destabilizer toxin from the scorpion, spider, and wasp group of toxins as a promising candidate for the identification of pharmacophores against viral infections. Open Vet J, 15 (1), 69-84. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i1.6


Turabian Style

Germoush, Mousa O., Maged Fouda, Mohammad J. S. Mantargi, Moustafa Sarhan, Barakat M. Alrashdi, Diaa Massoud, Ahmed E. Altyar, and Mohamed M. Abdel-daim. 2025. Exploring the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein destabilizer toxin from the scorpion, spider, and wasp group of toxins as a promising candidate for the identification of pharmacophores against viral infections. Open Veterinary Journal, 15 (1), 69-84. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i1.6


Chicago Style

Germoush, Mousa O., Maged Fouda, Mohammad J. S. Mantargi, Moustafa Sarhan, Barakat M. Alrashdi, Diaa Massoud, Ahmed E. Altyar, and Mohamed M. Abdel-daim. "Exploring the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein destabilizer toxin from the scorpion, spider, and wasp group of toxins as a promising candidate for the identification of pharmacophores against viral infections." Open Veterinary Journal 15 (2025), 69-84. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i1.6


MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style

Germoush, Mousa O., Maged Fouda, Mohammad J. S. Mantargi, Moustafa Sarhan, Barakat M. Alrashdi, Diaa Massoud, Ahmed E. Altyar, and Mohamed M. Abdel-daim. "Exploring the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein destabilizer toxin from the scorpion, spider, and wasp group of toxins as a promising candidate for the identification of pharmacophores against viral infections." Open Veterinary Journal 15.1 (2025), 69-84. Print. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i1.6


APA (American Psychological Association) Style

Germoush, M. O., Fouda, . M., Mantargi, . M. J. S., Sarhan, . M., Alrashdi, . B. M., Massoud, . D., Altyar, . A. E. & Abdel-daim, . M. M. (2025) Exploring the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein destabilizer toxin from the scorpion, spider, and wasp group of toxins as a promising candidate for the identification of pharmacophores against viral infections. Open Veterinary Journal, 15 (1), 69-84. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i1.6


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