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Review Article


A decade of research on ectoparasites and endoparasites in wild rats in Indonesia (2015–2025): A review

Mutasem Abuzahra, Lucia Tri Suwanti, Muchammad Yunus.


Abstract
Zoonotic diseases, which are transmitted between vertebrate animals and people, significantly impact global public health. Wild rats are reservoirs for numerous zoonotic illnesses, such as leptospirosis, toxoplasmosis, trypanosomiasis, and helminth infections. This study analyzed the prevalence and diversity of ectoparasites and endoparasites in wild rats in Indonesia over a decade (2015–2025). We conducted a comprehensive search using PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Science Direct, which yielded 62 publications, of which 25 met the inclusion criteria. Significant variations in ectoparasite and endoparasite loads were observed in wild rats across regions, seasons, and host species, reflecting infestation across a wide range of habitats, including urban, semi-urban, island, and rice field environments. Although molecular techniques are increasingly being applied in parasitology, only six studies used them for parasite identification in wild rats. This review highlights research gaps related to small sample sizes, limited data on blood parasites, and insufficient molecular characterization. Findings suggest that environmental changes—such as urbanization, deforestation, agricultural expansion, and seasonal shifts—may influence parasite distribution patterns.

Key words: Indonesia, Wild rats, Ectoparasites, Endoparasites, Parasites


 
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How to Cite this Article
Pubmed Style

Abuzahra M, Suwanti LT, Yunus M. A decade of research on ectoparasites and endoparasites in wild rats in Indonesia (2015–2025): A review. Open Vet J. 2025; 15(6): 2329-2342. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i6.6

Web Style

Abuzahra M, Suwanti LT, Yunus M. A decade of research on ectoparasites and endoparasites in wild rats in Indonesia (2015–2025): A review. https://www.openveterinaryjournal.com/?mno=241863 [Access: July 05, 2025]. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i6.6

AMA (American Medical Association) Style

Abuzahra M, Suwanti LT, Yunus M. A decade of research on ectoparasites and endoparasites in wild rats in Indonesia (2015–2025): A review. Open Vet J. 2025; 15(6): 2329-2342. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i6.6


Vancouver/ICMJE Style

Abuzahra M, Suwanti LT, Yunus M. A decade of research on ectoparasites and endoparasites in wild rats in Indonesia (2015–2025): A review. Open Vet J. (2025), [cited July 05, 2025]; 15(6): 2329-2342. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i6.6


Harvard Style

Abuzahra, M., Suwanti, . L. T. & Yunus, . M. (2025) A decade of research on ectoparasites and endoparasites in wild rats in Indonesia (2015–2025): A review. Open Vet J, 15 (6), 2329-2342. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i6.6


Turabian Style

Abuzahra, Mutasem, Lucia Tri Suwanti, and Muchammad Yunus. 2025. A decade of research on ectoparasites and endoparasites in wild rats in Indonesia (2015–2025): A review. Open Veterinary Journal, 15 (6), 2329-2342. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i6.6


Chicago Style

Abuzahra, Mutasem, Lucia Tri Suwanti, and Muchammad Yunus. "A decade of research on ectoparasites and endoparasites in wild rats in Indonesia (2015–2025): A review." Open Veterinary Journal 15 (2025), 2329-2342. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i6.6


MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style

Abuzahra, Mutasem, Lucia Tri Suwanti, and Muchammad Yunus. "A decade of research on ectoparasites and endoparasites in wild rats in Indonesia (2015–2025): A review." Open Veterinary Journal 15.6 (2025), 2329-2342. Print. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i6.6


APA (American Psychological Association) Style

Abuzahra, M., Suwanti, . L. T. & Yunus, . M. (2025) A decade of research on ectoparasites and endoparasites in wild rats in Indonesia (2015–2025): A review. Open Veterinary Journal, 15 (6), 2329-2342. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i6.6


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