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Research Article


Experimental model of menopausal genitourinary syndrome: Ovariectomy and vaginectomy protocols in rats

Asih Anggraeni, Soetrisno Soetrisno, Ida Nurwati, Uki Retno Budihastuti, Eti Poncorini Pamungkasari, Brian Wasita, Paramasari Dirgahayu.


Abstract
Background:
The synthesis of estrogen hormones decreases during menopause, leading to various physiological changes that might affect a woman’s quality of life. Genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM), which occurs because the vaginal and urethral epithelial layers contain a high density of estrogen receptors, is one of the most common clinical manifestations. These problems can be chronic and progressive, consequently affecting menopausal women’s sexual and quality of life. Therefore, innovation in novel therapeutic modalities or improvements to current therapies is necessary.

Aim:
This study aimed to provide a comprehensive and precise protocol guide for ovariectomy and vaginectomy to establish a suitable animal model for GSM cases.

Method:
Forty Wistar rats of Rattus norvegicus were used in the study and treated according to ethical principles.

Results:
The study recommends the double dorsolateral incision technique as the most effective method for ovariectomy. Vaginectomy is essential for the objective evaluation of the vaginal and urethral epithelium in GSM and for the histological assessment of therapeutic response.

Conclusion:
The therapeutic modalities that result from a suitable animal model protocol are expected to guarantee safety and efficacy.

Key words: Genitourinary, Menopause, Ovariectomy, Rats, Vaginectomy


 
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How to Cite this Article
Pubmed Style

Anggraeni A, Soetrisno S, Nurwati I, Budihastuti UR, Pamungkasari EP, Wasita B, Dirgahayu P. Experimental model of menopausal genitourinary syndrome: Ovariectomy and vaginectomy protocols in rats. Open Vet. J.. 2025; 15(8): 3624-3630. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i8.25

Web Style

Anggraeni A, Soetrisno S, Nurwati I, Budihastuti UR, Pamungkasari EP, Wasita B, Dirgahayu P. Experimental model of menopausal genitourinary syndrome: Ovariectomy and vaginectomy protocols in rats. https://www.openveterinaryjournal.com/?mno=262391 [Access: September 01, 2025]. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i8.25

AMA (American Medical Association) Style

Anggraeni A, Soetrisno S, Nurwati I, Budihastuti UR, Pamungkasari EP, Wasita B, Dirgahayu P. Experimental model of menopausal genitourinary syndrome: Ovariectomy and vaginectomy protocols in rats. Open Vet. J.. 2025; 15(8): 3624-3630. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i8.25


Vancouver/ICMJE Style

Anggraeni A, Soetrisno S, Nurwati I, Budihastuti UR, Pamungkasari EP, Wasita B, Dirgahayu P. Experimental model of menopausal genitourinary syndrome: Ovariectomy and vaginectomy protocols in rats. Open Vet. J.. (2025), [cited September 01, 2025]; 15(8): 3624-3630. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i8.25


Harvard Style

Anggraeni, A., Soetrisno, . S., Nurwati, . I., Budihastuti, . U. R., Pamungkasari, . E. P., Wasita, . B. & Dirgahayu, . P. (2025) Experimental model of menopausal genitourinary syndrome: Ovariectomy and vaginectomy protocols in rats. Open Vet. J., 15 (8), 3624-3630. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i8.25


Turabian Style

Anggraeni, Asih, Soetrisno Soetrisno, Ida Nurwati, Uki Retno Budihastuti, Eti Poncorini Pamungkasari, Brian Wasita, and Paramasari Dirgahayu. 2025. Experimental model of menopausal genitourinary syndrome: Ovariectomy and vaginectomy protocols in rats. Open Veterinary Journal, 15 (8), 3624-3630. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i8.25


Chicago Style

Anggraeni, Asih, Soetrisno Soetrisno, Ida Nurwati, Uki Retno Budihastuti, Eti Poncorini Pamungkasari, Brian Wasita, and Paramasari Dirgahayu. "Experimental model of menopausal genitourinary syndrome: Ovariectomy and vaginectomy protocols in rats." Open Veterinary Journal 15 (2025), 3624-3630. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i8.25


MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style

Anggraeni, Asih, Soetrisno Soetrisno, Ida Nurwati, Uki Retno Budihastuti, Eti Poncorini Pamungkasari, Brian Wasita, and Paramasari Dirgahayu. "Experimental model of menopausal genitourinary syndrome: Ovariectomy and vaginectomy protocols in rats." Open Veterinary Journal 15.8 (2025), 3624-3630. Print. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i8.25


APA (American Psychological Association) Style

Anggraeni, A., Soetrisno, . S., Nurwati, . I., Budihastuti, . U. R., Pamungkasari, . E. P., Wasita, . B. & Dirgahayu, . P. (2025) Experimental model of menopausal genitourinary syndrome: Ovariectomy and vaginectomy protocols in rats. Open Veterinary Journal, 15 (8), 3624-3630. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i8.25


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