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2025, Vol: 15, Issue: 11
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Research Article


Interpretation of risk factors of foot and mouth disease in the East of Libya

Abdalla Zafir, Abdulsalam Abdullah, Salaheldein Saad, Randa M. A. Hamad, Saleh Bufarwa.


Abstract
Background:
Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious viral infection affecting cloven-hoofed animals, causing severe economic impacts despite low mortality.

Aim:
This study aimed to interpret the epidemiological risk factors contributing to the spread of FMD in the eastern region of Libya.

Methods:
A cross-sectional study was conducted using field surveys, clinical examinations, and serological testing on 194 cattle and 2606 sheep in El-Beida and Benghazi. Odds ratios were calculated for risk factor analysis.

Results:
The prevalence was 83.5% in cattle and 54.2% in sheep. The young animals were significantly more susceptible to Rearing conditions, and geographic location impacted infection rates. Vaccination coverage was absent.

Conclusion:
Age, species, rearing style, geographic location, and lack of vaccination were significant contributors to the prevalence of FMD. These findings highlight the need for targeted control strategies, including vaccination.

Key words: East Libya; FMD; Livestock; Risk factors.


 
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How to Cite this Article
Pubmed Style

Zafir A, Abdullah A, Saad S, Hamad RMA, Bufarwa S. Interpretation of risk factors of foot and mouth disease in the East of Libya. Open Vet. J.. 2025; 15(11): 6118-6125. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i11.70

Web Style

Zafir A, Abdullah A, Saad S, Hamad RMA, Bufarwa S. Interpretation of risk factors of foot and mouth disease in the East of Libya. https://www.openveterinaryjournal.com/?mno=262906 [Access: December 02, 2025]. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i11.70

AMA (American Medical Association) Style

Zafir A, Abdullah A, Saad S, Hamad RMA, Bufarwa S. Interpretation of risk factors of foot and mouth disease in the East of Libya. Open Vet. J.. 2025; 15(11): 6118-6125. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i11.70


Vancouver/ICMJE Style

Zafir A, Abdullah A, Saad S, Hamad RMA, Bufarwa S. Interpretation of risk factors of foot and mouth disease in the East of Libya. Open Vet. J.. (2025), [cited December 02, 2025]; 15(11): 6118-6125. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i11.70


Harvard Style

Zafir, A., Abdullah, . A., Saad, . S., Hamad, . R. M. A. & Bufarwa, . S. (2025) Interpretation of risk factors of foot and mouth disease in the East of Libya. Open Vet. J., 15 (11), 6118-6125. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i11.70


Turabian Style

Zafir, Abdalla, Abdulsalam Abdullah, Salaheldein Saad, Randa M. A. Hamad, and Saleh Bufarwa. 2025. Interpretation of risk factors of foot and mouth disease in the East of Libya. Open Veterinary Journal, 15 (11), 6118-6125. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i11.70


Chicago Style

Zafir, Abdalla, Abdulsalam Abdullah, Salaheldein Saad, Randa M. A. Hamad, and Saleh Bufarwa. "Interpretation of risk factors of foot and mouth disease in the East of Libya." Open Veterinary Journal 15 (2025), 6118-6125. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i11.70


MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style

Zafir, Abdalla, Abdulsalam Abdullah, Salaheldein Saad, Randa M. A. Hamad, and Saleh Bufarwa. "Interpretation of risk factors of foot and mouth disease in the East of Libya." Open Veterinary Journal 15.11 (2025), 6118-6125. Print. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i11.70


APA (American Psychological Association) Style

Zafir, A., Abdullah, . A., Saad, . S., Hamad, . R. M. A. & Bufarwa, . S. (2025) Interpretation of risk factors of foot and mouth disease in the East of Libya. Open Veterinary Journal, 15 (11), 6118-6125. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i11.70


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